Not sure I understand the issue.
Colors are per face vertex assignments similar to the way UVs work. There is no color data per edge. You could interpret the edge color as an interpolated result of the two end vertices.
If you want to get all the face-vertex colors given a vertex id, there's no convenience method to do this, but you could write this yourself by decomposing a vertex into its constituent face-vertices.
Hope that helps. Not sure if I answered your question though.