Hi Grant,
I would assume that you have a texture map - use the 3DPaint tool to get one if not and paint what you described.
1) select the surface
2) particles > emit from object -> emit particles from the surface
3) select your emitter - make sure it says emitter type: surface
4) in the attribute editor for the emitter, scroll to the bottom
5) turn on Enable Texture Rate
6) drag + drop your texture to Texture Rate
7) check ON emit from dark.
Playback - Voila! Particles should be emitting from the black areas on the surface.
C