Other packages have specific command for what you need, but maya doesn't unfortunately. In modo for instance, you can set the thickness in "real world" units you want so you get exactly the same thickness on different parts.
In Maya, when you tweak the extrude attributes in the channel box, the values you see are in centimeters, if you have the default settings.
What you can do to save you the hassle of tweaking the attributes ( the local Z translate in particular ) is to use this line and put it as a button in your shelf,
polyExtrudeFacet -kft 1 -ltz 1 ; // in the -ltz flag (local translate Z axis ) you can set the extrusion height in centimeters, in my case 1 cm.
One thing to be careful of is to remember to freeze transforms in the object before you do the extrude to make sure you get exactly the distance you dialed in.
Have you tried to find a script that maybe does this thickening?
If you need it for arch models and 3D printing things get a bit more complicated. In what format do you export? Don't you use nurbs to go to STL format?
I think applications like Rhino are better at preparing a model for 3D printing. You can do it in maya too but it is a bit of a hassle.
My view is that the thickening of polys will never be fully automated and perfectly done by just one command cause sometimes you have geometry issues with angles in surfaces that you just have to go in and tweak manually.